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Crude oil washing
Crude oil washing (COW) is washing out the residue from the tanks of an oil tanker using the crude oil cargo itself, after the cargo tanks have been emptied. Crude oil is pumped back and preheated in the slop tanks, then sprayed back via high pressure nozzles in the cargo tanks onto the walls of the tank. Due to the sticky nature of the crude oil, the oil clings to the tank walls, and such oil adds to the cargo 'remaining on board' (the ROB). By COWing the tanks, the amount of ROB is significantly reduced, and with the current high cost of oil, the financial savings are significant, both for the Charterer and the Shipowner. If the cargo ROB is deemed as 'liquid and pumpable' then the charterers can claim from the owner for any cargo loss for normally between 0.3% up to 0.5%. It replaced the ''load on top'' and ''seawater washing'' systems, both of which involved discharging oil-contaminated water into the sea. MARPOL 73/78 made this mandatory equipment for oil tankers of 20000 tons or greater deadweight.
Although COWing is most notable for actual tankers, the current chairman for Hashimoto Technical Service, Hashimoto Akiyoshi, applied this method in washing refinery plant oil tanks in Japan. Hashimoto is currently using this method in the Kyushu, Chugoku, and Tohouku regions in Japan.〔http://www1.ocn.ne.jp/~hts.wak/473/494.html〕 Because of the logical nature of the technical complexities of COW, crude oil wash is still frowned upon by many who are not able to understand the exact mechanism behind COW; however, it is undeniable that COWing will become the norm not only in saving money for oil companies but moreover for recycling crude oil waste that should not be dumped and neglected.
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==Seawater washing==
Originally oil tankers used one set of tanks for cargo and about one third of the same tanks were for water ballast on their empty trips. High pressure, hot, seawater jets were used to clean the tanks and the mixture of seawater and residue called ''slops'' discharged into the sea, as was the oil-contaminated ballast water. The 1954 OILPOL Convention attempted to reduce the harm by prohibiting such discharges within of most land and of certain particularly sensitive areas.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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